August 13, 1953 (Barbara): Early on the 11th, a tropical storm was discovered in the southeastern Bahamas. It became a hurricane northeast of the Bahamas on the 11th and gained intensity as it moved north. At 10 p.m. on the 13th, it struck the North Carolina coast between Morehead City and Ocracoke (track to the right). The storm then moved north and northeast, before going out to sea just south of Norfolk.  Winds reached 63 mph with gusts to 76 mph at Norfolk. Winds at Cape Henry were sustained at 72 mph. Cape Henry lighthouse saw its copper canopy torn loose during the cyclone. Rainfall amounts of five to eight inches were common across southeast Virginia. Portsmouth saw 9.3" of rain deluge the city in only 24 hours.

August 25-31, 1954 (Carol): Hurricane Carol, a major hurricane when it made landfall in North Carolina, moved northward into New England (track above and below). It moved 100 miles off the Virginia Capes and brought winds of 40 mph to Virginia Beach. Norfolk received four inches of rain. Chincoteague reported the lowest pressure...29.28". The system helped ease drought conditions in Washington, D.C..
 
 
 

October 15, 1954 (Hazel): On the 4th, a tropical storm moved through the Windward Islands into the Caribbean Sea. It quickly formed into a hurricane and continued on a westerly track until the 10th. An upper low in the western Caribbean steered Hazel northward through the Mona Passage on the 12th. As the hurricane did so, heavy rains caused mudslides in Haiti which killed 500 people. Its track became northwesterly as a cold front approached from the Mississippi Valley. The hurricane then accelerated into northeast South Carolina as a category four hurricane. On the 15th, it passed over Raleigh, Richmond, and West Virginia (track to the left).  One of the most severe storms to ever strike the Eastern seaboard caused destruction at beach resorts. Pressures fell to 28.67" at Virginia Beach, 28.75" at Richmond, and 28.99" at Norfolk. Trees, power lines, and radio towers were downed. Power failure was common across the region...in some areas, for as long as 48 hours.

Considerable damage was done to residential and business property in Washington as sustained winds peaked at 78 mph with gusts to 98 mph. At National Airport, a light plane flipped over and part of the hangar was blown away. The Weather Bureau radar had to be turned off for three hours when the motor began to heat up. As a cold front interacted with Hazel, a squall line swept through Washington, D.C. at 6:15 p.m., dropping the temperature 20 degrees in one hour. Frost was seen in the suburbs the following night.

Hundreds of trees fell across the Federal City. Many store front windows shattered. Falling trees damaged many houses in Fairfax. Winds whipped up white caps on the Potomac. Waters overflowed the seawall at Hains Point. Alexandria saw the Potomac flood reclaim two blocks of the city, flooding basements and first floors of businesses. U.S. 1 was flooding by 9 p.m. at Hunting Creek. Heavy rains fell in the mountains, with a couple locations measuring over 10 inches.

Norfolk's sustained winds reached at 78 mph with gusts to 100 mph. Hampton saw winds as high as 130 mph. Damage was extensive from strong winds and high tides. Several ships in the James River were sunk or wrecked. At the Old Dominion Boat Club in Alexandria, two cruisers sank and several docks washed away. Quantico saw most of its docks vanish. Fourteen sailboats met an untimely fate at the Washington Sailing Marina. Tides reached 8.7 feet above low water datum at Washington, D.C..

The battleship Kentucky broke its moorings and ran aground 100 feet away. The gun screw vessel Pirate was lost off West Norfolk. The Coast Guard beacon light on the Potomac at Morgantown was toppled by Hazel's winds. Thirteen across Virginia perished...2 in the District of Columbia ...damage estimates reached $15 million.
 
 
 

August 12, 1955 (Connie): Connie developed in the tropical middle Atlantic on the 4th, and moved west northwest to the north of Puerto Rico. Motion slowed on the 9th, as Connie began to interact with the developing Hurricane Diane. On the 11th, the system accelerated north- northeast and hit Cape Lookout, North Carolina (track to the right). It crossed the coast near Norfolk, emerging back into the Atlantic. Heavy rains and high winds were seen from North Carolina northward into New England.  Winds picked up on the upper Chesapeake Bay at 4 a.m., reaching gale force by daylight. The Levi J. Marvel was fighting the storm. When winds reached 50 mph, the canvas sails tore away. Twenty to twenty-five foot swells tormented the ship near Holland Point and it broke anchor. She took on water and capsized around 2:40 p.m.. Eleven drowned. The oil screw La Forest L. Simmons capsized 1 ½ miles north of Sharps Island Light in Maryland.

Norfolk's pressure fell to 28.77". The highest wind gusts were seen at Chincoteague, where winds peaked at 64 mph. National Airport at Washington D.C. reported sustained winds of 49 mph, with gusts to 58 mph, and 4.57" of rain. Power lines went down around the District. Scores of trees fell. Dozens of basements were flooded by the heavy rains. Eastern Virginia saw eight to ten inches of rain with Connie. Due to a drought which preceded the storm, any flooding was of minor consequence. Tides peaked at 6.6 feet above low water datum at Washington, D.C.. Four died in Rock Creek during the storm.
 
 
 

August 17-18, 1955 (Diane): The category one hurricane named Diane caused heavy rains, compounding the flooding caused by Connie not even a week earlier. As Connie moved out to the north, Diane followed the storm and also struck North Carolina (track to the left). It passed west of Danville at 6 p.m.. The lowest pressure seen across Virginia was 29.48" at Lynchburg. Winds gusted to gale force across eastern Virginia and Washington D.C.. Winds peaked at 45 mph at Chincoteague. In the tidewater of Washington D.C., tide were four feet above normal... the peak level was 7.1 feet above mean lower low water on the morning of the 18th. Persistent east and southeast winds over the Chesapeake led to this condition. The heaviest rain fell across northern Virginia, where amounts totaled over six inches. Several locations on the eastern slope of the Blue Ridge mountains recorded over a foot of rain. Flood stages were reached at most points in the Potomac Basin. Tides peaked at 7.0 feet above low water datum at Washington, D.C.. However, the heaviest flooding occurred along portions of the Shenandoah River Basin. High tides were also experienced, in addition to the rains. Damage in Virginia totaled $10.7 million. This hurricane produced over $686 million in damage, mainly due to its disastrous floods across the East Coast.

September 19-20, 1955 (Ione): Ione was a major hurricane as it approached the Mid-Atlantic.  Originally expected to move through Washington, D.C., the storm veered off to the right, proving to be far less of a menace than anticipated (track above).  Sustained winds at Norfolk peaked at 47 mph with gusts to 58 mph. The pressure bottomed out at 29.13" (986 hPa). Total rainfall from the hurricane was 3.5".  This cyclone gave a scare to the Mid-Atlantic, before it veered out to sea.
 

September 27, 1956 (Flossy): This hurricane formed in the Gulf of Mexico and left a path of destruction from the Mouth of the Mississippi river through the Florida panhandle, Georgia, and South Carolina. As a nontropical gale, the system alleviated drought conditions across the region. Shortly after midnight, winds peaked at 45 mph in Washington, D.C.. One thousand phones were dead due to disabled phone lines. Three inches of rain fell across Virginia. Some streets in Norfolk were flooded with 2 ½ feet of water (Barnes II). The Back River lighthouse collapsed during the storm. The gas screw vessel Mary Anne was lost at Hampton Roads Naval Base.
 
 
 

September 27, 1958 (Helene): Maximum sustained winds at Norfolk peaked at 41 mph with gusts to 56 mph as this hurricane moved by to the southeast.

July 1959 (Cindy): Winds at Norfolk peaked at 45 mph with gusts to 46 mph. Small yet violent tornadoes were spawned by Cindy in Norfolk and Portsmouth. Over four inches of rain fell in Hopewell.
 

September 30, 1959 (Gracie): This tropical cyclone initially struck the Atlantic coast south of Charleston, and moved west of Charlotte into western Virginia (track above). A tornado (one of three) touched down eight miles west of Charlottesville, killing 11. Heavy rains were seen in the Appalachians and near Norfolk. Norfolk saw 6.79" of rain in twenty-four hours. In all, twelve perished.
 
 
 

September 11-12, 1960 (Donna): From the beginning, Donna was a ferocious storm. On August 29th, squalls in the vicinity of Dakar, in the country of Senegal on the west coast of Africa, forced the crash of an airliner, killing 63 aboard. The system moved out in the Cape Verde Islands on the 30th, and arrived at the Leeward Islands on the 4th. Amazing flash flooding was seen across the Virgin Islands and eastern Puerto Rico, when up to 15 inches of rain fell in less than four hours. Winds gusted to 180 mph across the Florida Keys, as the hurricane turned northward.  Thereafter, Hurricane Donna affected the entire length of the Atlantic coast of the United States. Donna became the first hurricane since complete records were kept in 1871 which traversed the Florida peninsula, the southeastern Unites States, the Mid-Atlantic region and New England.Donna made a second landfall between Wilmington and Morehead City on the evening of the 11th as a category three hurricane. The system tracked across the Albemarle and Pamlico sounds of North Carolina and re-emerged into the Atlantic Ocean just southeast of Virginia Beach shortly after 5:00 AM September 12, 1960. Above is a list of the lowest pressure measured in the region during Donna.

Virginia Beach saw the pressure fall to 28.51"...and winds gusted to 89 mph. Maximum sustained winds reached 73 mph at Norfolk and 80 mph at Cape Henry. The Chesapeake lightship estimated 138 mph winds as the pressure dove to 28.65". Eastern Virginia saw the most rain...where six to eight inches fell. The vessels Peggy and Tender were wrecked off Norfolk. Three died in Virginia due to Donna.
 
 

August 29-September 1, 1964 (Cleo): This hurricane passed through the inland sections of the state from west to east. Washington, D.C. could only watch it rain to the south, as record drought plagued the area throughout much of the summer and fall. Southern sections of the Old Dominion saw inundating rains. In Tidewater Virginia, ten to fourteen inches of rain fell in about 12 hours. Two perished...both deaths were caused by motorists, who after being stranded in flood waters, were poisoned by carbon monoxide. Damages totaled $3 million.
 

September 11-14, 1964 (Dora): As Dora moved northeast from Cape Hatteras out to sea 120 miles southeast of Norfolk, its influence was felt across southeast Virginia. Tides of three feet above normal in Hampton Roads caused moderate flooding of low lying areas. Heavy rain led to flooding at Suffolk and Yorktown. The heaviest rain was seen at Diamond Springs, 5.83 inches. Norfolk saw winds peak at 63 mph, causing minor damage. Near Cape Henry, a large freighter was driven aground.
 

September 9-11 & 15-18, 1967 (Doria): An extreme example of how erratic a path of a hurricane can be, it remained near the southeast coast of the United States for 13 days, moving different directions every few days. As a hurricane on the 13^th, it moved westward. The storm made landfall near the Virginia Capes before meandering south for a brief skirmish with North Carolina on the 17^th, then eastward back out to sea.

Two periods of rain were associated with Doria in Virginia. The highest amount recorded was 4.66" at Lake Drummond, near Wallaceton. As the storm passed offshore the Virginia Capes by 225 miles on the 10^th and 11^th, winds gusted to a mere 36 mph at Norfolk. Cool air invaded the Mid-Atlantic. Washington, D.C.'s temperature fell to 49 degrees on the 11^th.

The second approach on the 15^th and 16^th caused winds to gust to 55 mph...the pressure fell to 29.60" at Norfolk. Gusts to 60 mph were seen at Wallops Island on the 16^th. Torrential rains and squalls buffeted the Eastern Shore. Winds damaged trees, roofs, signs, and billboards. Twenty to thrity foot seas came in advance of Doria's second coming towards Virginia. The superstructure of a 38-foot boat was torn off by high seas off the Atlantic coast near the Virginia/Maryland border...three perished from the vessel (Bailey). Tides were four feet above normal at Virginia Beach.
 
 
 

August 19-20, 1969 (Camille): One of the strongest hurricanes ever recorded, Camille became Virginia's worst natural disaster ever. Camille weakened as it moved through the Southeast...until reaching the Appalachian mountains. As a cold front approached from the northwest, a burst of heavy rains developed across southeast West Virginia and western Virginia.  To the right is a NIMBUS III satellite image of Camille just offshore the Mid-Atlantic on the 21st, provided by NCDC. A band of rain and thunderstorms about 45 miles wide stretched from White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia to Fredericksburg. Rainfall increased rapidly along the west slopes of the Blue Ridge mountains; more than ten inches fell at Clifton Forge. In Nelson county, one location reported a whopping 27" of rain in only eight hours. This caused 133 bridges to be wiped out throughout Nelson county, making transportation nearly impossible. As Camille intensified back into a tropical storm over Virginia, four inches of rain fell along the coastal plain, in the path of the redeveloping storm.

When the rains began in earnest, telephone lines were downed, preventing the true nature of the flooding to the known until much later. Extensive flash flooding and landslides caused a major disaster on the Tye and Rockfish river basins. Landslides swept into hollows, destroying roads, homes, bridges, and railroads. Charlottesville was isolated as rock and mud slides blocked roads.

The James river experienced a flood of record as far downstream as Richmond. To the right is a table of values for different locations withing the James River system. Buena Vista had 5 ½ feet of water in its business district. Glasgow, at the confluence of the Maury and James rivers, saw its entire business district destroyed by water nearly 14 feet deep. Flash flooding caused 153 people to perish, mainly across Virginia. The oil screw Leader foundered four miles east of Cape Henry. Damage totaled $113 million.

The following are river records set during Camille:
 

Location	River Stage
Buena Vista	30.5 feet
Scottsville	31.5 feet
Bremo Bluff	39.1 feet
Palmyra	39.85 feet
Cartersville	33.75 feet
Columbia	41.3 feet
Westham	24.8 feet

May 26-27, 1970 (Alma): On the subsident side of the cyclone, at 1:15 p.m. on the 27^th, a strong dust devil at Radford picked up a roof of a school hallway and dumped it onto the school grounds, injuring six.
 

August 27, 1971 (A second Doria): A weak tropical depression formed in the eastern Atlantic and moved swiftly to the west, passing through the northern Leeward Islands on the 23^rd, and moving just to the east of the Bahamas on the 25^th. While recurving to the north, Doria became a tropical storm and continued to intensify as it approached the coast. Maximum sustained winds were 65 mph with the system as it made landfall in North Carolina (see track below).

Maximum sustained winds were 52 mph at Norfolk, 59 mph at Wallops Island, and 60 mph at Langley Air Force Base. A large warehouse near the Norfolk airport experienced severe damage. Appreciable losses were caused by a tornado as it tracked through Portsmouth and Chesapeake. Hundreds of trees fell and a dozen homes were damaged.

The highest rainfall amount was 6.44" two miles south-southeast of Halifax. Four-Mile Run flooded once more. A sewage plant in Virginia Beach became clogged with silt and sand. When the sewage was dumped into the Chesapeake, beaches were closed for days. A young girl drowned in Alexandria, when she fell into a drainage ditch.
 
 
 

September 30-October 3, 1971 (Ginger): Tracked for 31 days as a cyclone through the Subtropical Atlantic, the very long-lived Ginger tormented Bermuda twice before moving west into North Carolina near Atlantic Beach. Maximum winds were under 50 mph across southern Virginia. Norfolk gusted to 49 mph from the northeast on the 30th. A few trees were leveled with isolated utility outages leading to minor inconvenience. The heaviest rains from the decaying tropical storm were seen in southeast Virginia. Diamond Springs reported a 7.49" deluge of rain. Tides ranged from two to four feet above normal. Moderate to heavy beach erosion ate away at Virginia Beach.

Big Meadows totaled 13.6" of rain from the decaying storm. The highest amount measured was 16" at Chantilly (See rainfall map to the upper right). An all-time 24 hour precipitation was set at Dulles Airport, when 11.88" deluged the area (Kocin). Associated severe flooding caused record river stages along the east half of the James river basin. Floods of record were recorded at Cartersville (37.87 ft.), the Richmond City Locks (36.5 ft.), and Richmond near Westham (28.62 ft.). This flood caused the James to swamp a 200 block area of downtown Richmond, the worst flooding since May 1771. Only one of the five bridges across the James was left usable. Moderate flooding occurred at Buena Vista.

Near Alexandria, Four Mile Run flooded the heavily populated section of Arlandria. Flooding was also severe along the Appomattox River Basin. The entire Potomac also flooded. Along the Potomac, 66 miles of towpath were scoured by the floods. Inundation led to a 300- foot cave-in at the Widewater section of the C & O Canal. Thousands of homes were flooded in Washington, D.C.. Even the White House experienced the wrath of Agnes, when heavy rains invaded its basement. Around 49,000 phones were put out of commission by downed lines. In the D.C. metropolitan area, ten people fell victim.

One hundred three highways were either destroyed or damaged across the state. The shellfish and oyster industry suffered due to excessive fresh water runoff into the Chesapeake destroying their marine habitat for weeks. Damage done across the state from Agnes totaled $222 million....$25 million in Fairfax county alone. The C & O Canal saw $34 million in damages. Thirteen died from flash flooding in Virginia.

As the storm moved northeast through New York, destructive floods and tornadoes surged the damage total to over $2.3 billion for the United States. The worst floods on record were experienced across Pennsylvania and southern New York, as over sixteen inches of rain fell in several locations.
 
 
 

September 24-26, 1975 (Eloise): After striking the Florida panhandle as a major hurricane, Eloise accelerated inland and was downgraded to a tropical storm in Alabama (track above). Heavy rains began to fall across the Mid-Atlantic as Eloise interacted with a cold front. Street flooding was rampant in Virginia and Washington D.C.. The 9.08" of rain seen at Washington, D.C. from the cyclone led to the wettest September at the site since 1934. Flooding was experienced along the Patuxent River and Four-Mile Run. Arlandria experienced such a flood that 400 residents evacuated during the night of the 25/26th ($11.9 million). Forty residences were submerged near Manassas, on Bull Run. Rock Creek Parkway was closed due to mud slides. Nearly 300 secondary and thirteen primary roads were closed due to the flooding statewide. Damage totaled $17.2 million

August 9, 1976 (Belle): A tropical wave moved offshore Africa on July 28^th and moved uneventfully across the Atlantic and Caribbean Sea. A tropical depression formed on the north end of this wave on the 6th, in the vicinity of the northern Bahamas. Belle rapidly developed into a hurricane on the 7^th. On the 8^th, the system accelerated northeast and it made its closest approach to North Carolina on the 9^th. It passed 85 miles east of Norfolk at 1 p.m. EST. Later that day, the fast moving storm made landfall on the coast of western Long Island.

Although on the weak west side of this hurricane, Virginia noted the passing of Belle. Pressures fell to 29.44" at Wallops Island...where winds of 60 mph were seen in gusts. Over four inches of rain fell along the immediate coast of Virginia. At South Island along the CBBT, winds peaked at 63 mph. One died in a related traffic accident in Norfolk.
 

September 5, 1979 (David): David was a classic Cape Verde hurricane which caused massive destruction along its path across the western Atlantic. Dominica was the first island to experience David. Almost three-fourths of the population was left homeless by the cyclone. It was their strongest hurricane since 1834. As it moved westward across Puerto Rico, $70 million in damages was exacted from the island. Haiti was devastated the most by the borderline category 5 hurricane when heavy rains, mud slides, and high winds led to over 1,200 lost lives. Entire villages were swept away be the epic flood; the tempest caused $1 billion in damage across Hispaniola.

As the menacing storm continued its parabolic course, a brief landfall occurred at West Palm Beach. Now moving northward, the system moved just inland of the Atlantic Seaboard after its final landfall near Hilton Head, SC. When squalls passed through Virginia on the 5^th, two powerful tornadoes tracked through Newport News and Hampton, causing $2.5 million in damage.

Most damage across the area was produced by gusty winds, as high as 60 mph. Trees and power lines were no match for David; this led to 140,000 people without power. A tornado touched down at the edge of Fairfax City at 7:22 p.m. on the 5^th, severely damaging 22 homes ($2 million damage). This tornado lifted briefly, before touching back down at Great Falls. Eight tornadoes touched down from Fairfax and Loudon counties south to Newport News.

Many funnel clouds and weak tornadoes played havoc with Washington, D.C.. Winds only gusted to 39 m.p.h at National Airport; rains at that location totaled 3.68". Flooding was seen along Rock Creek, leading to the road's undermining ($374,000 damage). Floods also invaded the Alexandria waterfront. Heavy rains fell across the mountains of western Virginia and also in the vicinity of Norfolk. Big Meadows recorded 8.93" on the 9^th while nine inches fell at Poor Mountain, near Roanoke. Flooding began around 9 p.m., inundating Colonial Heights- Petersburg, Rappahannock, Page, Madison, and Orange counties. Three perished in the storm. Total insured losses to the D.C. metropolitan area reached $8 million.
 

July 25, 1985 (Bob): A tropical depression formed in the southeast Gulf of Mexico. It slowly meandered east, becoming a tropical storm just prior to making landfall across southwest Florida. As the system reached the east coast, it turned to the north. Hurricane status was achieved to the east of Georgia. The cyclone moved north into South Carolina, weakening quickly back into a tropical depression.

As the low moved north through Virginia, Bob spawned two weak tornadoes of F0 intensity and one strong tornado of F3 intensity.  The two weak tornadoes near Richmond and  Charlottesville damaged ten houses. The strongest tornado in northern Albermarle country destroyed two homes.  Funnel clouds were observed throughout the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area. Gusty winds downed power lines, disrupting the Boy Scout jamboree in Fredericksburg. Winds peaking at 48 mph at National Airport downed a seaplane in the Washington Channel, near Hains Point, shortly before 2 p.m..

High winds and heavy rains damaged trees and led to a loss of power to 30,000 throughout the D.C. suburbs of Virginia and Maryland. A house under construction in Great Falls collapsed. Two people were fatally injured in Germantown, MD when a car slid into another vehicle while attempting to enter a curve. In the District, a man perished when his van struck an eastbound car. At 2 p.m., a car accident claimed a life near Calverton, MD.
 
 
 

September 27, 1985 (Gloria): For ten days, this system gained intensity as it moved across the Atlantic, becoming an extremely dangerous and large category four hurricane east of the Bahamas (track to the left). As the storm accelerated north, cooler water temperatures caused weakening of the once powerful hurricane. Still, Gloria moved over Cape Hatteras at 2 a.m., where a pressure of 27.98" was achieved.  Virginia Beach saw the pressure bottom out at 28.87". Norfolk experienced winds sustained at 46 mph, with gusts to 67 mph. Norfolk Naval Air Station reported wind gusts of 64 mph. Sustained winds of 94 mph, with gusts to 104 mph, blew through South Island's Chesapeake Bay Bridge Tunnel (CBBT).

Hampton Roads saw a 5.65" deluge of rain. Southeast Virginia measured the most rain; isolated locales saw over eight inches. The highest tide noted was 5.3 feet above mean lower low water. Damage totaled $5.5 million statewide. This storm became nontropical in Canada and continued to rapidly move east. A record warm spell greeted Europe as Gloria made landfall on the continent early in October.
 

November 2-7, 1985 (Juan/"Killer Flood of 1985"): This hurricane of non-tropical origin drifted aimlessly across Louisiana during the last week of October before moving east into Pensacola on Halloween.   As the center of Juan moved north towards Michigan, a secondary low moved east across North Carolina, continuing the moderate rains.  A third low pressure system, along Juan's cold front, transformed a minor flood into a major disaster.  A massive rain shield developed as warm, tropical air overrode cooler air to the north of the center.  This third system tracked across southwest Virginia on the 4th, and eventually through northern Virginia and Maryland.

Heavy rains fell across the eastern slopes of the Blue Ridge mountains...19.77" two miles northeast of Montebello. The Bloomington Reservoir rose 80 feet in a mere 30 hours. It was considered more damaging, further upriver than Agnes was in 1972.  Record-breaking flood discharges occurred at many locations within the Potomac, James, and Roanoke river basins (Carpenter).  The heart of the destruction was across Virginia and West Virginia. In Virginia, 3500 homes were destroyed. Carpeting, dead animals, window frames, and numerous household items began flowing down the Potomac.   The most extensive damage in the Old Dominion occurred in the Roanoke river basin, in the Roanoke-Salem metropolitan area.  Many in Roanoke were rescued from rooftops via boats and helicopters.  Waters rose to the third story of an apartment complex in Salem.  Lynchburg experienced the James rising to seven feet above the previous record, set in 1877.  Stored tobacco was in ruin; losses totaled $8 million.  Extensive flooding invaded Richmond.  Monetary losses exceeded those of Camille and Agnes.  Forty counties and twelve independent cities were declared Federal disaster areas.

Waters rose to within two inches of the top stones of Georgetown's Lock 3, stopping just shy of a catastrophe for Washington, D.C.. Waters were high for four days. Total damages along the C & O Canal from Cumberland to Georgetown was over $9 million. Overall, the Potomac saw $113 million in damages. In Virginia, 22 perished and $753 million of damage was incurred.  In West Virginia, almost 2600 residents were left homeless after the floods, and damages skyrocketed to $500 million.  It was the worst flood in West Virginia history as several small towns were almost destroyed (Stanton).  Total damage across West Virginia, Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Maryland totaled $1.4 billion.
 

August 17, 1986 (Charley): Forming as a tropical depression over the northeast Gulf of Mexico, the system wandered east and northeast to off the South Carolina coast before finally becoming a tropical storm. (track above and below). Charley briefly became a hurricane immediately off the Mid Atlantic coast. Norfolk saw winds of 40 mph, gusting to 63 mph. Cape Henry experienced sustained winds of 54 mph with gusts to 82 mph. South Island's CBBT saw hurricane conditions as 94 mph sustained winds, with gusts to 104 mph, lashed the station.

A light twin engine plane crashed into the Chesapeake Bay at around 7 p.m., killing all three aboard. Tides rose to 5.5 feet above mean lower low water. Damage totaled less than $1 million statewide.
 
 
 

September 21-22, 1989 (Hugo): Hugo was a well organized tropical disturbance as it emerged off the coast of Africa. It developed modestly as it crossed the ocean and became a category five hurricane as it approached the northeastern Caribbean Sea. Puerto Rico took its toll on Hugo (and vice versa) and Hugo weakened into a minor hurricane. Over the next few days, the system re-attained hurricane status and strengthened rapidly in the hours before landfall near Charleston. The track of Hugo then took a northward turn, across western Virginia, before transitioning into a nontropical low (track to the upper right, satellite picture to the upper left provided by NCDC).  Winds peaked at 37 mph at National Airport. The low pressure system later merged with a cold front. Six died in Virginia due to Hugo.

October 11-13, 1990 (Klaus & Marco): Klaus, once a hurricane northeast of the Caribbean, moved west-northwest to the north of the Greater Antilles as a weakening, sheared tropical storm. At this time, Marco was forming in the Florida Straits. The two low pressure systems moved in tandem on opposite sides of the Florida peninsula. The remains of Klaus came ashore along the east coast, accelerating northward into the Appalachians. Meanwhile, Marco limped ashore the Florida panhandle and moved slowly northeast. The combination of these two systems dropped around eight inches of rain to the mountains of western Virginia.
 

August 17-18, 1994 (Beryl): This tropical storm formed very close to the Florida panhandle on the 14^th. Landfall took place near Panama City at 8 p.m. EST on the 15^th. Thereafter, the cyclone weakened to a tropical depression and moved northeast. Around five inches of rain fell across western Virginia. Heavy rains spread northeast to New York state. One tornado touched down just north of Ridgeway and tracked 4 1/4 miles. One hundred homes and thirty businesses were damaged along its path, and ten people were injured ($8.7 million).

Seven inches of rain fell in Carrol and Grayson counties, flooding roads and low bridges. Flood waters on Kerrs Creek sent one family evacuating. Evacuations also took place near the New River in Pulaski county. Roads in western Augusta county were closed. Faquier county saw mud and gravel slides damage and close roads. Over twenty roads were flooded in Shenandoah county. Winchester was inundated in a foot and a half of standing water. Damages totaled $15 million statewide.
 

August 6-7, 1995 (Erin): The remains of Erin spread eastward from the Ohio Valley across West Virginia, northern Virginia, and Maryland. Almost six inches of rain fell in some areas of extreme northwest Virginia. It caused brief relief from an otherwise excessively hot and dry July, August, and early September. A tornado was spawned near the Patuxent Naval Research Center.
 
 
 

October 5, 1995 (Opal): After accelerating northward out of the Gulf of Mexico, Opal moved quickly through the Eastern United States. The satellite picture to the left was taken as the cyclone was accelerating through northwest Gerogia at 4 a.m. on the 5th, provided by NCDC.  Despite hundreds of miles of travel from the Gulf of Mexico, gale force winds blew through western Virginia. Winds sustained at 40 mph, with gusts past 60 mph, blew down trees mainly above 2000 feet elevation in the Shenandoah Valley and along the Allegheny Plateau. Dozens of trees were blown down along Skyline Drive in Page and Warren counties. In Waynesboro, a canopy over a service station was ripped off. South Winchester and Elkton saw 2600 homes and businesses without power as lines were downed by the winds. Two tornadoes struck the tidewater. One touched down at West Point airport in New Kent county. It tore the roof off a hangar, destroying a small airplane and damaging four others. The second tornado uprooted trees and damaged outhouses. In Madison county, five inches of rain fell on Graves Mountain, washing out a bridge previously destroyed by floods that June. A minor mudslide occurred in Grayson county. A vehicle was swept off the road by flood waters six miles southwest of Fancy Gap in Carroll county. Washington, D.C. saw local street flooding from the system's rainfall. Four to eight inches of rain fell across southwestern Virginia. This helped end drought conditions brought on from a very dry July, August, and September. Damage totaled $220,000.

July 12-13, 1996 (Bertha): The earliest Cape Verde hurricane ever witnessed to cross the Atlantic unscathed, unprecedented Bertha lashed the Mid Atlantic coast (track below). To the right is an image of the hurricane as it was making landfall in North Carolina, provided by the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC).  Portsmouth reported winds gusting to 54 mph on the 13th... the pressure fell to 29.37". Tree limbs falling on power lines caused temporary power outages. Over four inches of rain fell across southeastern Virginia.

September 5-8, 1996 (Fran): The major hurricane known as Fran struck the North Carolina coast between Wrightsville and Topsail beaches (track to the upper left, satellite picture to upper right courtesy of NCDC). Extensive flooding was endured from North Carolina and Virginia northward, as the center passed over Danville. Widespread flooding occurred in the mountains. Norfolk saw southeast winds of 41 mph, with gusts to 47 mph. At Portsmouth, winds peaked at 60 mph at 4:19 a.m.; the pressure fell to 29.67". The storm raged more severely at Hampton, where gusts to 71 mph occurred.
 
 

Lynchburg experienced a 6.94" deluge of rain. Tom's Branch received 14.3"...causing flash flooding which cut the city off from the rest of the area.  The town of Luray was split in half by flooding. Columbia saw winds of 46 mph. In all, 360,000 lost power due to the cyclone. In Washington, D.C., power lines and trees were downed. Fourteen inches of rain fell in isolated locations southwest of the city. To the left is a picture of flooding in Alexandria, courtesy of the Associated Press.  Along the C & O Canal, the devastating flood swept through Harpers Ferry and Point of Rocks. A Virginia woman perished as her all-terrain vehicle was swept away, while crossing a flooded creek. Three perished due to Fran.

July 24, 1997 (Danny): This hurricane made landfall in southeast Louisiana before stalling in Mobile Bay for over 24 hours. Thereafter, it moved north into western Alabama before making a hard right towards the east across the lower Appalachians. While the system was in transit across the length of North Carolina, it restrengthened into a tropical storm. It later emerged into the Atlantic near Pungo, Virginia.

The pressure fell to 29.73" at Portsmouth as winds gusted to 56 mph at 3:17 p.m.. Norfolk Naval Air Station experienced wind gusts to 67 mph. Langley Air Force Base, the Chesapeake Bay Bridge Tunnel, and Cape Henry gusted to 61 mph. Trees and power lines were downed throughout the Norfolk metropolitan area. At 1:09 p.m., a tornado touched down in the South Norfolk section of Chesapeake or about two miles east of Portsmouth and destroyed a car wash, along with six other businesses. A tractor trailer was overturned. Another tornado near Norfolk destroyed windows and tracked a mile east across the eastern branch of the Elizabeth River. A third tornado touched down at Knotts Island.
 

August 27-28, 1998 (Bonnie): This hurricane formed in the tropical Atlantic before recurving to move over the Outer Banks. Portsmouth gusted to 63 mph while the pressure fell to 29.53". Norfolk experienced winds of 46 mph with gusts to 64 mph. Winds howling to 90 mph blew past the Cape Henry Light Station. South Island CBBT had 90 mph with gusts to 104 mph. The combination of four to seven inches of rain and high winds knocked out power to nearly 1,000,000 people...most of which were in the vicinity of Hampton Roads. Tides peaked at 6.0 feet above mean lower low water.
 
 
 

August 29-September 7, 1999 (Dennis): On the 22nd, a tropical disturbance formed north of Puerto Rico.  Over the next two days, the system gradually became a tropical depression while located near the southeasternmost Bahamas.  Strengthening was slow to ensue to to upper level westerly winds inhibiting development.  Despite the shear, Dennis became a tropical storm on the night of the 24th, as it drifted west-northwest.          The cyclone was in a state of constant reorganization through the 26th, but slowly intensified into a hurricane by that morning while located in the central Bahamas.  An upper level trough swung through the northern Plains and into the Northeast over succeeding days.  This allowed the storm to turn slowly to the north, while continuing to strengthen.  It came perilously close to Wilmington, North Carolina during the night of the 29th before finally moving northeast, paralleling the coast.  To the left is a satellite picture showing this hurricane near the time of its closest first appraoch, at 11:15 a.m. on the 30th.

      Cold and dry air began to envelop the system during the night of the 30th, leading to a collapse of all the deep convection (thunderstorm activity) around the system.  Weakening began  soon after, returning to category one status by the morning of the 31st, and a tropical storm late that night.  Showers and thunderstorms temporarily redeveloped each day, keeping the system at tropical storm strength.  The cyclone then meandered slowly west from the 1st through the 3rd...before accelerating during the day of the 4th into southeast North Carolina, as it reintensified into a strong tropical storm.  After landfall that night, Dennis moved westward into central North Carolina, finally reaching the Old Dominion late on the night of the 5th as a weakening tropical depression.  On the 6th, it accelerated northward across the state.

     Gale-force winds were experienced along the coasts of North Carolina and Virginia from the night of the 29th through the 31st.  On the 4th, gusts to gale force redeveloped along the Virginia coast.  As the center approached North Carolina, a tornado touched down in Chesapeake at 11:15 a.m. on the 4th, damaging two buildings.  The second tornado, in Hampton at 1:21 p.m. was the most menacing.  Ten cars and an eighteen-wheel truck overturned.  Three nursing and retirement homes were struck...sending their residents for safer shelter.  Many homes lost their roofs.  Six people were injured from this tornado.

     Rainfall amounts for the past week in southeast Virginia approached seven inches for the entire event.  The highest rainfall total reported was 9.25" at Upper Shernando.  As of 1 a.m. on the 6th, Apple Orchard Mountain in Bedford county had measured 8.83".  Other locations that measured over seven inches of rain included Monterey, Toms Branch, Montebello, Sugar Grove, and Big Meadows.  The tropical deluge affected areas from North Carolina northward to Pennsylvania, as of the 6th. High tides invaded Norfolk/Virginia Beach by the morning of the 31st...3.1 feet above normal at 8 am on the 31st, but they slowly receded over following days.

     The highest gust reported in Virginia was 54 mph at Norfolk Naval Air Station at 5:06 p.m. EDT on the 30th.  The lowest pressure seen in the Old Dominion thus far has been 29.77" at Norfolk at 4:25 p.m. on the 4th.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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